Understanding the basics of brain cancer can help you understand the situation you or a loved one may be facing. The Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke is a brain tumor treatment and research center dedicated to improving the lives of those affected by brain cancer.
We know a brain cancer diagnosis can feel overwhelming, which is why we’ve put together this guide to help you understand it better. In this guide, you’ll find clear information on the different types, symptoms, causes, diagnosis, and treatment options. Our team of neuro-oncology physicians is dedicated to advancing treatments and pushing the boundaries of research to improve patient outcomes.
What is a Brain Tumor?
A brain tumor is a mass of abnormal cells that grow uncontrollably in or near the brain. These tumors can create pressure inside the skull and lead to a range of symptoms depending on their location. There are more than 120 documented types of brain tumors, which can develop in different areas of the brain and vary widely in size and impact.
What is Brain Cancer?
Brain cancer occurs when cells in the brain grow uncontrollably, forming a malignant tumor. This is known as primary brain cancer when it originates in the brain. If cancer starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain, it’s called metastatic or secondary brain cancer. Common cancers that can spread to the brain include breast, colon, kidney, lung, and skin cancer (melanoma).
Types of Brain Tumors & Locations
Brain tumors are named based on their location in the brain or the types of cells they originate from. They are also graded on a scale from 1 to 4, indicating how aggressively they grow. A Grade 1 tumor grows the slowest, while a Grade 4 tumor is the most aggressive and fastest-growing.
Types of Brain Tumors
These are the most common types of brain tumors that are categorized by the types of cells they are made up of:
- Glioma – A broad category of tumors that originate from glial cells, which support and protect neurons in the brain.
- Astrocytoma – A type of glioma that arises from astrocytes. This category includes glioblastomas (GBM), the most aggressive and fast-growing type of brain tumor.
- Meningioma – A tumor that forms in the meninges, the protective layers surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It is the most common brain tumor in adults and is typically benign and slow-growing.
- Ganglioglioma – A rare, slow-growing tumor that contains both glial cells and neurons. It is more common in children and young adults.
- Craniopharyngioma – A slow-growing tumor that develops near the pituitary gland and brain. It often presses on the optic nerves, leading to vision problems and hormonal imbalances.
- Medulloblastoma – A fast-growing tumor that originates in the cerebellum (the lower back part of the brain). It is more common in children and can spread through the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
- Ependymoma – A tumor that forms in the ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain and the spinal cord. It can occur at any age but is more common in children.
- Oligodendroglioma – A tumor that arises from oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the myelin sheath around nerve fibers in the brain. It is usually slow-growing but can become more aggressive over time.
Brain Tumor Locations
These are the most common types of tumors that only form in certain areas of the brain:
- Meningiomas: Forms in the protective lining of the brain (meninges)
- Pituitary tumors: Forms in the pituitary gland
- Medulloblastoma tumors: Forms in the cerebellum or brainstem
- Skull base tumors: Forms on the base of the skull, underside of the brain
What Causes Brain Cancer?
Brain cancer happens when genetic mutations alter a cell’s DNA, causing it to grow uncontrollably instead of following its normal life cycle. Instead of dying off like healthy cells, these abnormal cells continue to multiply, forming a tumor. The exact cause of primary brain cancer (cancer that originates in the brain) remains unknown, and for most patients, no clear cause is identified.
Brain Tumor Causes and Risk Factors
While research is still uncovering the full picture of brain cancer development, several factors may increase the risk of developing a brain tumor:
- Secondary (Metastatic) Brain Cancer: Cancer that starts in another part of the body (such as the lungs, breast, kidneys, or skin) and spreads to the brain.
- Exposure to High-Dose Radiation: Prolonged exposure to ionizing radiation, such as radiation therapy for other cancers, frequent CT scans, or excessive X-ray exposure, may increase the risk of brain tumors.
- Genetic Conditions: Inherited genetic disorders, such as Li-Fraumeni syndrome or Turcot syndrome, can predispose individuals to brain tumors.
- Weakened Immune System: Individuals with suppressed immune systems, such as organ transplant recipients or those with HIV/AIDS, may have a higher risk of certain brain tumors.
- Occupational or Environmental Exposures: Prolonged exposure to industrial chemicals, pesticides, or other carcinogens may contribute to an increased risk, though research on this is still ongoing.
Pediatric Brain Tumors
According to the National Cancer Institute's SEER program, brain and other nervous system cancers are the second most common type of childhood cancer after leukemia, accounting for approximately 15.9% of all new childhood cancer cases.
The most common types of brain tumors in children include:
- Astrocytomas: A type of glioma that arises from star-shaped glial cells (astrocytes). Some are slow-growing, while others, like glioblastomas, are highly aggressive.
- Gliomas: A broad category of tumors that originate in the glial cells, which support and protect neurons in the brain.
- Ependymomas: Tumors that form in the cells lining the fluid-filled ventricles of the brain and spinal cord, often affecting young children.
- Medulloblastomas: Fast-growing tumors that develop in the cerebellum (the lower back part of the brain) and can spread through cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). These are the most common malignant brain tumors in children.
At Duke’s Preston Robert Tisch Brain Tumor Center, we have an expert team of pediatric neuro-oncology physicians dedicated to providing world-class care for children facing brain tumors.
We are at the forefront of groundbreaking clinical trials to develop new and improved brain cancer treatments. Our research focuses on translating scientific discoveries into real-world therapies to improve survival rates and quality of life for patients of all ages.
Pediatric clinical trials are essential for advancing brain cancer treatment. By participating, patients may gain access to:
- Innovative therapies that are not yet available to the public.
- Personalized treatment approaches based on cutting-edge research.
- Potentially improved outcomes for aggressive or treatment-resistant brain tumors.
- The opportunity to contribute to future advancements in brain cancer care.
Brain Cancer Symptoms
The symptoms of brain cancer depend on the tumor's size, location, and rate of growth. Because different areas of the brain control different functions, a tumor in a specific region can lead to distinct symptoms.
Below are some of the most common signs of brain cancer:
- Persistent headaches or increased pressure in the head
- Nausea or vomiting, often without an obvious cause
- Seizures, even in individuals with no prior history
- Difficulty thinking, speaking, or understanding speech
- Vision changes, including blurred or double vision
- Dizziness or loss of balance
- Hearing problems or ringing in the ears
- Personality and behavior changes
- Memory loss or confusion
- Lack of coordination or difficulty walking
- Weakness or numbness in parts of the body
Can You Have a Brain Tumor Without Symptoms?
Yes, you can have a brain tumor with no symptoms. Slower-growing tumors such as meningioma often do not produce any symptoms until the tumor is large enough to begin causing life-threatening problems.
Brain Cancer Diagnosis
A number of tests can be done in order to provide a diagnosis, here are a few of the most commonly performed examinations:
- Neurological Exam: A series of tests to evaluate hearing, balance, vision, reflexes, and muscle strength to detect neurological abnormalities.
- Brain Imaging (Scans): CT scans, MRIs, X-rays, and PET scans help pinpoint the tumor’s location, size, and impact on brain structures.
- Biopsy: A procedure where a small sample of the tumor is removed for lab testing. This helps determine whether the tumor is cancerous and how aggressive it is. If surgery is not an option, a stereotactic needle biopsy may be performed, where a small hole is drilled into the skull, and a thin needle is used to extract tissue.
- Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap): A test that collects cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to check for cancerous cells. This is typically used for tumors that affect the central nervous system.
- Neurocognitive Assessment: A series of tests that evaluate memory, problem-solving, and cognitive function to assess how the tumor is impacting brain activity compared to individuals of the same age.
Learn More at the Tisch Brain Tumor Center at Duke
If you or someone you love has been diagnosed with brain cancer, Duke’s leading neuro-oncology physicians can help. Our specialists work together to develop personalized treatment plans for each patient. Visit our website to request an appointment with one of our world-leading doctors today.
The Tisch Brain Tumor Center is committed to providing exceptional patient care at our brain cancer center located in Durham, North Carolina, and always strives to provide hope for anyone facing a brain tumor diagnosis. We encourage you to explore our website and reach out to us with any questions, and we hope this guide will serve as a resource for those who are interested in learning more about brain cancer.
Explore our blog to learn more:
- What Are The Different Brain Tumor Grades?
- Creating a Healthy Home Environment for Brain Tumor Recovery
- The Impact of Brain Tumors on Mental Health
FAQ: Common Questions About Brain Cancer
1. What are 5 facts about brain cancer?
- Brain cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the brain.
- There are over 120 types of brain tumors, some cancerous and some benign.
- Glioblastoma is the most aggressive and common malignant brain tumor.
- Symptoms vary depending on the tumor’s size and location in the brain.
- Treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapies.
2. What is the most aggressive brain cancer?
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive brain cancer. It grows rapidly and is difficult to remove completely, making it one of the hardest to treat.
3. Is a grade 3 brain tumor curable?
Grade 3 brain tumors are considered malignant and fast-growing, but treatment—including surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy—can help control them. Long-term outcomes vary by type.
4. Can you live a full life after brain tumor surgery?
Yes, many people live full lives after brain tumor surgery, especially if the tumor is benign or caught early. Some may experience lasting effects, but rehabilitation can help improve quality of life.